Anthrax in the Arctic
- Rebecca Murray-Watson
- Nov 23, 2019
- 1 min read
Updated: Dec 12, 2019
In 2016, the Yamalo-Nenets region of northern Russia experienced a devastating anthrax outbreak, known locally as the ‘Siberian Plague’. Dozens of people were hospitalised, and a 12-year-old boy and his grandmother were killed. Thousands of caribou became infected, prompting an evacuation of indigenous, nomadic people, whose traditional way of life brings them into close contact with caribou.

Many indigenous people of the Arctic rely on caribou for their livelihood, putting them at risk of infection by anthrax
The cause of the outbreak almost seems implausible; a caribou carcass that had been frozen in the ground for 75 years thawed and released deadly anthrax spores. These spores remain viable even after long periods of freezing, meaning that any caribou that are in the vicinity of a thawing carcass are in danger of infection.
The Arctic is warming at a much faster rate than the rest of the world. Unusually high temperatures of 35 °C were experienced in the Yamalo-Nenets region in 2016, causing the permafrost, and therefore the caribou carcass, to thaw. There are concerns that events like this could become a regular event in Siberian summers, even though caribou vaccination programmes are underway.
Adapted from Walsh et al. (2018). 'Current' shows the current suitable range for anthrax. '2050' shows projected future range under RCP4.5.
Others have expressed concerns about what other deadly diseases are being harboured by frozen bodies in the far north, and whether they could threaten human populations today.
"We really don't know what's buried up there," said Birgitta Evengard, a microbiologist at Umea University in Sweden, speaking to NPR. "This is Pandora's box."
Thanks to you both; I was shocked when I first heard about this (it was mentioned in one of the lectures related to this course). Clontarfmurrays, I think you're right; we're at a stage where we should perhaps start trying to predict the unexpected...
An interesting article about the overlooked consequences of climate change... Thank you for shining a light on this and for providing further resources to explore
When we saw in the news that the unfreezing of the permafrost in Greenland would require them to build a new airport, we all thought that it was bizarre...…..but unleashing an anthrax epidemic trumps (not a pun) bizarre by a long, long way. If there had been a thousand theses written on the effects of global warming, not one would have included a warning for such an event. If such incredible outcomes are actually feasible - as they apparently are - there may be a thesis in it for somebody to use some broad perspective processes like Scenario Analysis to start thinking about the other unthinkables that are hidden in global warming cupboards that we don't even know about. Th…